Compare 2 Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare 2 Arguments - Essay Example The internet has led to the emergence of the information society, whose mode of operation is purely based on information flow and access, (Lessig, 565-567). Technology has had a phenomenal impact on how people relate and carry themselves. This demands that information be available in a digital space or environment where it is fully accessible to all. This would make the world more innovative, (Lessig, 565-567). The idea of copyright laws has extremely restricted the used and flow of ideas. It is true that every person who comes up with a discovery should be appreciated in a way. The problem is when this appreciation goes to the extent of limiting the ingenuity. This is where the world is because of multiple copyright laws. The world is full of scientists who built on the discoveries of other scientists. People do not ask for permission from Professor Einstein or even Shakespeare before quoting their work as Lessig had used as examples. The result is that better discoveries have been made, (Cole 87-89). This means that, anyone who used that piece of work without the necessary permission does not have to be sued for it. What would happen if this was the case with every other creation or discovery? The world would be a better place. There is a growing concern that the world is becoming too commercial to nurture new and upcoming ideas. The reasoning behind copyright laws and patenting was to give the founders exclusive rights over the intellectual property. That is a bit different from trying to stifle development of intellectual property. The two contrasting opinions, must meet somewhere. The rationale behind protecting intellectual property must not exceed the need to give incentives for more discoveries. This is because advances and new creations are meant to make life better than it is or was. This is the real issue. Most copyright work comes from the derivative work, (Lessig, 565-567). Discoveries are built upon previous discoveries. According to the economics theory of property, property attracts less interest when it is freely available, (Cole 87-89). Indeed open source property does not attract a lot of attention as Julio Cole mentioned. Therefore, intellectual property laws create a situation where necessary ideas are monopolized so that they can be appreciated. That may be correct in some ways. Indeed, the introduction of intellectual property laws was meant to be a positive move to the young scientists and artists out there. However, this idea has mutated into something counter- productive altogether. According to Lawrence Lessig, the discoveries are made a very personal affair, as opposed to offering solutions. This can also be seen in newspapers and other forms of media which highlight lawsuits against people from musicians and other artists. As Cole says, free culture may not be the answer. Some people argue that ingenuity cannot be paid through money. If Einstein and Shakespeare were too concerned about intellectual property la ws, then they would have put a stop to the many upcoming scientists and writers who build on their work and ingenuity, (Lessig, 565-567). The critical question is, to what extent can copyright laws go? And are they absolute? Those who believe in a free culture push for the period of patents and copyright property to be lessened. If it is possible, then it can be done away with depending on the opinion of the innovator. Discoveries must be seen as a response to human global challenges,

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Example for Free

Language and Literacy in Social Practice Essay Language and Literacy in Social Practice is one of a set of four readers which looks at literacy and language practices as they are moulded and shaped by the cultures of the societies they serve. Edited by Janet Maybin, the book is a collection of key articles by seminal writers in the field who investigate the role of language and literacy as part of social practice. Broken down into four sections, the book begins with articles by Malinowski, Dell Hymes, Halliday and Volosinov and sets the scene for an anthropoligical/historical exploration of the sophisticated interaction and interrelationships between language, culture and social structure. Section two then provides ethnographic accounts of recent research by researchers like Taylor and Heath who document detailed evidence of literacy practices in a wide range of situations. They show in effect how literacy practices are very much the product of economic, religious, cultural and political processes and in particular the profound effect of differing socio-cultural expectations on the educational experiences and successes of learners at the macro level of the family and the local community. Section three moves away from a local focus to review literacy practices from a cross-cultural and historical perspective drawing on the writings of Street, Graff and Gee to look at literacy and language not so much as competencies and skills but rather as a product shaped by sociocultural parameters and some socioeconomic myths. The final section draws on the cultural and historical perspectives presented thus far and adds the further specific dimension of the political aspects of language planning and teaching to investigate how literacy and language teaching is very much a product of the rhetoric of governments and a tool to control and disposses minorities and to maintain a status quo that is elitist and exclusivist. What then is the value of Maybins book? It certainly doesnt work as a sourcebook or a handbook of how to improve literacy practices in any given situation and nor is it meant to. What it does work as is as a body of readings for reflective practitioners who would like to explore the significance of the crucial place language and literacy teaching holds in most Western societies and to look at the ways in which even the most mundane literacy practices are heavily influenced by discrete parameters of culture, society and history. Its merit lies in the way that it, through historical perspective, social theory and current research, strongly encourages the reader to value what McGinitie has referred to as the power of uncertainty. Language and Literacy in Social Practice forces the reader to consider the complex and interrelated nature of language learning and the nature of literacy acquisition as value laden activity value laden because of the variety of social factors which vie for dominance in the formation and maintenance of a majority Discourse. The structure of the book is logical and easy to follow. For myself, I found the first section to be the least valuable in terms of what it had to offer me, but, given its intention to provide a theory base for the sociological perspective of language as a social semiotic, it achieved its aim adequately. What was much more thought provoking were the articles in section two which detailed the ways in which literate practices were inextricably related to social and cultural practices and values. Of particular value to me as well were the articles by Rockhill on Gender, language and the politics of literacy and Paolo Freire on Adult literacy processes . Language and Literacy in Social Practice is not a book of readings preaching to the converted. Rather it is a thought provoking collection of writings which will encourage the sensitive literacy educator to examine again the values one transmits. Particularly in the culturally plural Australian context, Maybins book provides readings that, while not specific to the Australian context, are nevertheless very easily transferrable in the principles and understandings they embody. So much so that if one were to carefully think through and implement by negotiation the broad principles outlined in the book, Language and Literacy in Social Practice could well serve as a blueprint for a policy framework for literacy education in any society that truly valued its cultural diversity and which was determined to provide the sort of education that would question the status quo. Additionally, it would offer all participants real access to those constructions of empowering literate behaviour that are the staple of the disourse practices and power relationships of everyday life. It is not, I dont believe, overly strong when Rockhill says that the politics of literacy are integral to the cultural genocide of a people . Language and Literacy in Social Practice raises the sorts of issues that will help us re-examine our own personal politics to prevent just that sort of cultural genocide no matter how well intentioned or how genteel our motives. It is a book for all educators, cutting across cultures and specifics, providing a body of thought that, if it doesnt change existing practice, will at the very least strongly encourage a reappraisal of what it is that one actually does in the classroom.

Review role responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher

Review role responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher Ensuring learning takes place so the syllabus requirements are met and the students are likely to succeed in their assessment. This is increasingly important in todays climate for the tutors career and the colleges reputation. Being up to date in the subject you are teaching and developing good practice in your own area, learning how to evaluate, reflect and communicate. Adhering to your organisations code of practice, procedures and maintaining appropriate conduct within the college for example dressing and acting appropriately, not swearing in front of the students and also outside, for example working in the sex industry would bring the profession into disrepute being aware of the organisations procedures for first aid, accident reporting, evacuation procedures and support services such as IT, library, welfare. Being prepared: arriving in advance to arrange the environment so the class can start on time back up resources are available, for example in case of technology failure, and a contingency plan in case students finish more quickly, or slowly than expected. all materials needed are available Completing all relevant records, attendance and exam submission etc Being available for tutorials and support To respect and value all learners equally and to provide equality of opportunity and accessible activities to suit the diversity of learners. This includes ensuring the environment is supportive and conducive to learning, and ensuring the students are treating each other with respect and to be seen to be dealing with discriminatory behaviour. Learning is accessible and inclusive: The tutor has the responsibility to ensure the needs of all learners are recognised and catered for. The teacher may wish to profile the group in the beginning weeks to assess how they learn best, for example Honey and Mumfords 1986 profiling; activist, pragmatist, theorist, reflector. This looks at a learners tendencies, do they prefer traditional teaching methods such as didactic delivery, or active discussion etc. Another profiling method was developed in 1987 by Fleming; he noted three styles of learning. He called these visual- like seeing, aural- like listening and kinaesthetic like doing. These are apart from any special needs students may have. Its essential to acknowledge that everyone is different and brings various strengths, weaknesses, experiences etc to the class. The teaching style, method, resources and assessment can then be adapted to the needs of the individuals in the group. Inclusivity and differentiation are core components of the curriculum for teacher education for the learning and skills sector. They are an accepted part of the body of expert competence and knowledge expected of s tutor in the learning and skills sector. Tummons p101? To provide assessment and feedback. Assessment is a way of finding out if learning has taken place. It enables you, the assessor to ascertain if your students have gained the required skills and knowledge needed at a given point towards a course or qualification. Gravells p75 2007 preparing Assessment and feedback are necessary for the student to know how they are doing and how they can improve. Feedback and assessment can be given throughout the learning process, acknowledging each students contribution and saying something positive about it. Feedback also ensures the teacher knows that students understand the content, and this is useful for lesson evaluation and improvement. Initial assessment may be carried out, if students have to have a level of prior knowledge to get onto the course, commonly this may be a certain level of literacy and numeracy. This helps to ensure the student has the basic skills to sucessfully complete the course. Most people need encouragement, to be told when they are doing something well and why. When giving feedback it can really help the student to hear first what they have done well, followed by what they need to improve, and then to end on a positive note or question to keep them motivated. This is sometimes referred to as the praise sandwich. Gravells p86 preparing Specific comments which highlight what was good or could be improved are more useful to the learner than general comments, such as well done or could do better. To ensure the environment and materials are appropriate It is a good idea to arrive in advance of the lesson to ensure that: The teaching room is laid out as you want it and there is enough seating and workspace. Interactive sessions may work best with tables grouped together. Any equipment you want is present and working. The tutor is responsible for the health and safety of the students so you may have to report if the room is not safe. Materials are appropriate for the group, for example you have extension materials available and any resources are adapted for students with special needs, for example large font handouts. To maintain an awareness and abide by relevant legislation for example Every Child Matters, Data Protection and Disability Discrimination Act. Boundaries The boundaries between teachers and students are arguably less clear now than before the advent of informal communication devices, such as email, mobile phones and social networking technologies. Through these technologies teachers and students can associate virtually outside of the college environment. The college may even encourage teachers to be accessible, even of hours, and to participate in forums and online discussions. It is a matter of current debate if teachers should allow students to be their friend on sites such as Facebook, as through these teachers may reveal personal information that may undermine their authority or lead to over familiarity or even electronic stalking. Actual meetings outside of college should also be avoided, as should making friendships, this may blur the boundaries between teacher and student and lead to accusations of favouritism. Avoiding physical contact is now generally considered best practice, and if one to one sessions are taking place in a non public area it is advisable to leave the door open. This openness is less likely to lead to accusations of inappropriate contact. Once upon a time, teachers simply did not exist outside school. There was a fixed distance; a clear definition of roles; lines that should not and, more often than not, could not be crossed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦That fixed distance is shortening; those old boundaries between professional and private, home and school, formal and informal are blurring. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/sep/23/teacher-pupil-sexual-relationship T2 Summarise the key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of practice relevant to the teaching role. Control of substances hazardous to health 2002 (COSHH) o Covers substances which can cause ill health. Contains provisions to prevent injury or illness from dangerous substances. Good management which help assess risks, implement any measures needed to control exposure and establish good working practices Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) The statutory obligation to report deaths, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences that take place at work or in connection with work Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 Plans and procedures in case of fire. The Workplace Fire Precautions Legislation brings together existing Health Safety and Fire Legislation to form a set of dedicated Fire Regulations with the objective, to achieve a risk appropriate standard of fire safety for persons in the workplace. The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 Precautions when lifting or moving heavy objects. Risk assessment Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Legal duty to keep a first aid box and have at least one appointed person. Race relations (Amendment) act 2000 To promote equality of opportunity, and good relations between racial groups Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDA) To make reasonable adjustments so they are not disadvantaged. The UN Convention on the Rights of the child International human rights treaty applies to children under 18. Gives them certain rightsa such as the right to have their views taken into account, to be free from violence, have rights to expression. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Equal opportunities act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data protection act 2007 safeguards the rights of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and its free movement. The Data Protection Act (1998) was drafted to ensure the privacy of personal information stored electronically on computers nationwide. The Act aims to promote high standards in the handling of personal information, and so to protect the individuals right to privacy. Anyone holding data relating to living individuals in electronic format (and in some cases, on paper) must follow the Acts 8 data protection principles: The 8 Principles of Data Protection Under the DPA, personal information must be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairly and lawfully processed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Processed for specified purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adequate, relevant and not excessive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Accurate, and where necessary, kept up to date à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not kept for longer than is necessary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Processed in line with the rights of the individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kept secure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area unless there is adequate protection for the information http://www.bytestart.co.uk/content/legal/35_2/data-protection-overview.shtml à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Health and safety at work act 1974 Protecting employees against risks to health and safety. Responsibility for h and s with the employer, but also duties on employees to for their own safety. Provision of safety equipment, training and risk assessements. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Special educational needs and disabilities act 2001 (an amendment to the Disability discrimination act 1995) o Disability discrimination Act 1995, Making it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in employment and the provision of goods and facilities The Disability Equality Duty (DED) The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 has been amended by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 The General Duty The Act sets out a General Duty, which requires that public bodies have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination and promote equal opportunities for disabled people. They will also need to consider the elimination of harassment of disabled people, promotion of positive attitudes and the need to encourage the participation of disabled people in public life. Clearly, this General Duty has implications for the educational sector and the way that local authorities, schools, colleges and universities set about equalising opportunities for disabled pupils, students, staff and parents. http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/implementing-the-new-disability-equality-duty-975 In 2001, the special educational Needs and disability Act (SENDA) was introduced, and from 2003, a new section of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) came into force. DDA part 4 all providers of post-compulsory education were legally obliged not to discriminate against students with disabilities, this may mean making reasonable adjustments for a student with a disability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Further education and training act 2007 The Further Education and Training Act 2007 has today received Royal Assent. It was introduced into Parliament on 20 November 2006 and completed its passage on 18 October 2007 The Further Education and Training Act enables key aspects of the further education reforms described in the March 2006 White Paper Further Education: Raising Skills, Improving Life Chances. The further education system will be able to increase participation and achievement still further and so play its full part in achieving the skills challenge articulated by Lord Leitch. The Act includes: powers which will enable the specification of further education institutions in England to award their own foundation degrees; provision enabling the Learning and Skills Council (LSC), in certain circumstances specified in the Act, to intervene in the management of unsatisfactory further education provision in England, with similar powers for Welsh Ministers to intervene in institutions in Wales; http://www.dius.gov.uk/press/23-10-07.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Office for standards in education (Ofsted) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employment equality (age) regulations 2006 vocational training. The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 becomes law on 1 October 2006. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against employees, job seekers or trainees on the grounds of age. Age is accepted as the commonest form of discrimination in the workplace. We already have laws in place to prevent differential treatment on the grounds of race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and religion. This is not just a law to help older workers keep their jobs until they retire, but to give all workers irrespective of age, a longer and better quality of working life. Younger workers will benefit because they will be paid the rate for the job, not a lower rate than older workers doing the same job. All businesses benefit from the value of a diverse workforce. Discrimination and victimisation are counter-productive and lead to an unhappy workplace where staff turnover is greater and job satisfaction diminished. Training will no longer be refused to workers because they are close to retirement or because they are too young. No employee should make derogatory remarks about another employees age terms such as wet behind the ears, old codger, should have retired years ago and other such remarks are discriminatory and therefore after 1 October 2006 will be illegal. http://diversity.monster.co.uk/10378_en-GB_p1.asp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Learning and skills act 2000 Race relations Act 1976 under this act discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, ethnic, or national origins is illegal. The Equal Pay Act 1970 is an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament which prohibits any less favourable treatment between men and women in terms of pay and conditions of employment. For an employee to claim under this Act they must prove one of the following: That the work done by the claimant is the same, or broadly the same, as the other employee. That the work done by the claimant is of equal value to that of the other employee. That the work done by the claimant is rated (by a job evaluation study) the same as that of the other employee. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 under this act treating anyone less favourably because of their sex or marital status is illegal. The Children Bill 2004, keeps a record of information about children, and their involvement with health, legal and social services to help to track them, for protection. One of the duties placed on Local Authorities is to make arrangements to promote co-operation between agencies and other appropriate bodies (such as voluntary and community organisations) in order to improve childrens well-being (where well-being is defined by reference to the five outcomes), and a duty on key partners to take part in the co-operation arrangements. Every child matters professionals enabled and encouraged to work together in more integrated front-line services, built around the needs of children and young people; common processes which are designed to create and underpin joint working; a planning and commissioning framework which brings together agencies planning, supported as appropriate by the pooling of resources, and ensures key priorities are identified and addressed; and strong inter-agency governance arrangements, in which shared ownership is coupled with clear accountability. A code of practice standardises the work of a profession and sets out the service that should be expected. This gives the public confidence in the work of the profession and makes the profession publicly accountable. There are 2 key organisations involved with codes or practice within the learning and skills sector Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK) 2005 and the institute for Learning (IfL). Ifl code includes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..www.ifl.ac.uk/members_area/code_prof.html New professional Standards for teachers, Tutors and trainers in the Lifelong Learning Sector www.lifelonglearninguk.org CS1 Understanding and keeping up to date with current knowledge in respect of our own specialist area. CS2 Enthusing and motivating learners in own specialist area CS3 Fulfilling the statutory responsibilities associated with own specialist area of teaching. CS4 Developing good practice in teaching own specialist area. T4 discuss issues of equality and diversity and ways to promote inclusion with your learners. Review other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. The further education sector is known for making education and training accessible to a diverse population of learners, and to provide opportunities for certain groups in society that have been excluded. In the lifelong learning sector, especially with the current emphasis on work based learning, the base of learners is more diverse than ever before. Tummons describes three key terms in the learning and skills sector: Widening participation learners from underrepresented groups are recruited and supported to enable them to take part in education. Differentiation teaching and learning is planned to take account of the individuality of learners. Inclusive practice ways of learning and teaching that encourage the fullest participation by all learners. Although the terms equality and diversity are often heard in the same sentence there are key differences in their meaning. Equality seems to infer that everyone should have equal opportunities, in this case in education, so you may think this means everyone should receive the same education and you can provide the same learning activities. However, recognising the diversity of learners means that one size does not fit all, and to provide equality of opportunity we actually need to recognise that learners will require a diversity of educational opportunities and may need to be treated differently. Tutors cannot treat their group as just one big group of learners: it is made up of individuals, who may need slightly different things from their tutor or their college in order to make the most of their course or programme of study. Tummons becoming Equality may be achieved by: Flexible courses timing and venue Distance learning Support within the classroom i.e. a note taker or signer Providing additional support in the form of key skills Providing assistive technology i.e. magnifiers for visually impaired learners, speech recognition software. Someone with mental health issues may need more one to one support. Financial provision free travel, childcare, subsidised or free course fees, i.e. EMA Blind marking of work, where the tutor does not know who completed the work. Ensuring resources and language used is non sexist, and non stereotypcal Include multi cultural examples and case studies Challenge discriminatory or stereotypical comments by learners and ensure mutual understanding between different cultures, religions and age groups. Arrange the physical layout of the classroom to take account of any special needs: For example hearing impaired students should sit near the front of the class and you shouldnt talk facing away from them. Allow room for wheelchairs and arrange ground floor accommodation. Ensure resources are accessible and inclusive, for example dyslexic students may find it easier to read black text on a yellow background. Teaching and assessment is delivered in a variety of ways maybe an assignment can be in the form of an oral presentation The teachers attitude towards the diversity of students will also be noticed and may influence the learners. They will be picking up on the way the tutor is handling the class and how they are talking to students, therefore its important to be a good role model. Tummons p101 Petty p69 all students must feel that they are positively and equally valued and accepted, and that their efforts to learn are recognised, and judged without bias. ..they must feel that they, and the groups to which they belong (eg ethnic, gender, social-class or attainment groups) are fully and equally accepted and valued by you, and the establishment in which you work. The introduction of ILPs for many courses helps individual learners to plan what they want to achieve and the required outcomes. The tutor can then monitor the learners progress against these goals. Wallace 2007 p114, When talking about a lesson plan: An additional column headed inclusion and differentiation woulod remind the teacher at the planning stage to think carefully about the issue of inclusiveness in relaation to the learners for whom the learning experiences are being planned. And it would act a sa reminder after the lesson to evaluate the success or otherwise of these alternative strategies, which might also have included different ways of assessing or recording an individuals achievement. Information about equal opportunities may also be available within the institution: posters in the classroom Equality policy explained at induction and in the student handbook. Equal Opportunities: Governors must ensure that the school acts with fairness and with regard to equality in everything it does. This is with regard to all of the following: race disability sex sexual orientation religion or belief age (in relation to employment) This section outlines the national framework for change which is underpinned by the Children Act 20041 3.9 The Government is committed to ensuring more young people stay on in education and training until they are 19. The aim is to make sure that young people are supported to realise their potential and develop positively through their teenage years. We want to provide a wider range of opportunities for young people and we want to ensure appropriate and timely support for young people with additional needs. This will include better advice and guidance, more tailored to the needs of the young person and relevant to todays world. Duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people commences 1 October 2005. Equivalent duty on schools in Section 175 Education Act (2002) already in force. Align with equivalent duty on schools and Further Education through the Education Act (statutory guidance Safeguarding Children in Education, Sept 2004). Comply with the Special Educational Needs (SEN) statutory framework. Review policies and support for SEN to ensure: effective delegation of resources to support early intervention and inclusion; reduced reliance on statements; ensure appropriate provision; improve specialist advice and support to schools and information to parents; and reduce bureaucracy. Consider how best to work with other Local Authorities and SEN Regional Partners to share ideas and plan support. Consider how to promote effective support for SEN in early years. Introduction Section 140 of the Learning and Skills Act 2000 places a power and a duty on the Secretary of State to make arrangements for the assessment of young people with learning difficulties and disabilities when they are undertaking or likely to undertake post-16 education or training or higher education. The Learning and Skills Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It made changes in the funding and administration of further education, and of work-based learning (or apprenticeships) for young people, within England and Wales. Every Child Matters, or ECM for short, is a UK government initiative that was launched in 2003, at least partly in response to the death of Victoria Climbià ©. It has been the title of three government papers and the website www.everychildmatters.gov.uk, and led to the Children Act 2004. Every child matters covers children and young people up to the age of 19. Its main aims are for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need to: Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being Each of these themes has a detailed outcomes framework attached to it which require multi-agency partnerships working together to achieve them. These include childrens centres, early years, schools, childrens social work services, primary and secondary health services, playwork, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHS) . It is important that all professionals working with children are aware of the contribution that could be made by each service and plan their work accordingly.[1] It is now in place in all schools[2] throughout the United Kingdom and it is the central goal of Every Child Matters to ensure every pupil is given the chance to be able to work towards the goals referenced within it. 5. Achieve economic well-being Engage in further education, employment or training on leaving school Ready for employment Every Child Matters Every Child Matters: Change for Children is a new approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need. This means that a variety of organisations, including those involved with education, will be teaming up to share information and work together, to protect children and young people from harm and help them achieve what they want in life. monitoring the educational progress of all looked after children who are being educated within their authority, whatever the setting (school and 14-19 further education settings), as if they were attending a single school. T3 ground rules Act confidently with the class from the beginning, body language, initially teachers have authority because of their role, and should expdect to be obeyed. Apply rules and sanctions Use manners polite, use names, use icebreakers to ensure leasrners get to know each other Role model of being prepared, organised, provide actiities to engage learners, Express rules clearly, apply them consistently, negotiate rules Decide what BEHAVIOUR IS ACCEPTABLE DEPENDING ON THE LEARNER. Be aware what behaviour is appropriate dont expect the impossible Students need to know what you expect from them and what they can expect from you during the course. They need to know where the boundaries lie and what will happen if they step over the boundaries. Put them up on the wall Have a written contract Tell them what they can expect from the teacher Aware of college disciplinary procedure Can be revisited or revised Explain the vALUE of having rules Ask them for good and bad examples of classroom behaviour in respect of learning, what makes learning difficult Agree or disagree with a set of rules Should they be revised what are the consequences http://tlp.excellencegateway.org.uk/tlp/it/resource/assets/documents/agreeing_rules_cl.pdf important because everyone may have varying expectations of appropriate behaviour. I see ground rules as mutually agreed reciprocal arrangements where others views and needs are appreciated and valued. This creates a safe and respectful space in which all participants have the opportunity to benefit from the learning experience. Group discussion of expectations and incorporation of all views ensures that every student feels heard and included. This form of inclusion facilitates a memorable establishment of ground rules which are individually as well as collectively meaningful. When discussing ground rules with learners it is important for the teacher to establish their own rules which reflect their commitment to the teaching/learning relationship. My own ground rules would incorporate being fully prepared for lessons and ensuring I keep good time for classes to start and finish promptly. I would reciprocate learners commitment to completing assignment by making sure that all marking is completed and returned in equally good time. Further rules to ensure students get the most out of their learning experience encompasses my making sure all have an equal voice when expressing opinions.

Comparing Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Song of Roland Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Song of Roland In mythological Europe, knightly heroes abounded whereever one could choose to roam. There are hundreds of tales of knights who embodied the concept of chivalry, slew huge dragons, slew legions of foes in single combat, and still made it home in time for dinner. Of all these tales, ballads and poems, a few have risen to the fore front of the genre as an example for the rest of the stories to follow. I will be comparing the positive and negative personality traits of two heroes from the famous poems "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" and "The Song of Roland." On the lighter side, both Gawain and Roland had more positive attributes than they did negative. Both men were honorable, almost to a fault. For example in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" Gawain agreed to be on time for his own execution: "Nor I know you not, knight, your name nor your court. But tell me truly thereof, and teach me your name, and I shall fare forth to find you, so far as I may, and this I say in good certain, and swear upon oath." (G&GK, pt.1, ln. 400-403) Gawain's agreement might have been honorable, but it doesn't strike me ... ...ght when it came to politics, apparently. All of these attributes might be considered undesirable in a knight. Though the characteristics of honor, fearlessness, and poor people skills might seem to be perfect for a knight, a perfect hero just doesn't seem realistic to a listener or a reader with out some sort of a vice or flaw. It makes them seem closer and more human to who the reader. This is important to a good story, simply because if a hero is totally unbelievable the ballad becomes more of a tall tale or a story to be laughed at. And while it might be fun to laugh at a "B" ballad every once in awhile, it just doesn't compare to a good action plot line. As a result, Gawain and Roland each flaws. Roland's just happens to be terminal.

Romantic Love Is a Poor Basis for Marriage

Romantic love is a poor basis for marriage. Many songs had been written about romantic love, and a lot of books had been devoted to this topic. Up to now this is still a favorite theme for many movies and publications. But what is this in the real life, and how does romantic love affect a relationship between man and woman, and especially in marriage? What Romantic Love and True Love really are? Let’s look on this more carefully and try to answer on these questions. It’s difficult to disagree that falling in love is a very wonderful feeling.It seems like wings suddenly grow on your back, and the world shrinks where it is only you and your love, and you would give everything to keep this feeling forever. When I felt this feeling the first time, it was something amazing and indescribable. However, for me this feeling didn’t last long, and usually disappeared in several months. Now I’m married; is this feeling still alive in my marriage? We will see this late r. Sometimes people say that love is blinding. Is it true, or more correctly, is it love?I will not say that romantic love is always something negative. No, it’s a wonderful feeling, and it’s very good if partners have it in a marriage. However, can we build our own future family only on these feelings? I think, the best way for the family is if these feelings grow up in true mutual love in the marriage. On the other hand, what do we do if this doesn’t happen? Unfortunately, life shows in most cases that this romantic love ends after the wedding, and everyday life begins with its usual joys and troubles.You may say to me that it’s not your case, and in your life all will be perfect. Maybe it is true, as I also thought that way before my own marriage, but now I have changed my mind. It's good for all to be prepared for this. When romantic love ends after the wedding, what remains after it? Now we have approached to the definition of what True Love really i s in my opinion. I think, that true love it is not feeling, but it is a choice.When we decided to get married, we gave a promise to love each other forever, and this means that we cannot stop loving one another anymore. If our relations based only in romantic love, then when we live together we will see many differences and many weaknesses are inside one another. We can become disappointed with our decision to make this marriage. However, if we will know that true love is a choice, we can’t return back, and we will be more responsible for our decisions to get married. So, as we can see, romantic love is a poor basis for marriage.This foundation is not strong enough to stand against many difficulties, which we will meet in everyday life in marriage. We have to have the strong decision inside us that in any situation, with any obstacle against us, we will continue to love our spouses. This means that we will continue to respect, to understand, to seek not our will, but our spou se’s. We will continue to try please each other and sometimes even to give up our selfish desires. And then our marriage will be strong and lasting, and we will be together until death do us apart.

Hostel Management Essay

ABSTRACT Hostel management by manual way is tedious process, since it involves work load and time consumption. In this system, we can easily manage the hostel details, room details, student records, mess expenditure, mess bill calculation, easy way of room allocation and hostel attendance. The main feature of this project is easy to allocate for the student and also easy to calculate mess bill. This project is carried out using Visual Basic as front end and oracle as back end. TABLE OF CONTENTS |CHAPTER NO |CONTENTS |PAGE NO | | |ABSTRACT | | | |LIST OF FIGURES | | |1. |INTRODUCTION | | | |1.1.TO THE PROBLEM | | | |1.2.TO THE SOFTWARE TOOL | | |2. |PROBLEM DEFINITION | | |3. |METHODLOGY | | |4. |SYSTEM ENVIRONMENTS | | | |4.1.HORDWARE REQUIREMENTS | | | |4.2.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS | | |5. |FUNCTIIONAL REQUIREMENTS | | |6. |REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS | | | |6.1.USECASE DIAGRAM | | | |6.2.CLASS DIAGRAM | | |7. |DESIGNS | | | |7.1.SEQUENCE DIAGRAM | | | |7.2.COLLABRATION DIAGRAM | | | |7.3.STATE DIAGRAM | | | |7.4.ACTIVITY DIAGRAM | | LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. TO THE PROBLEM Hostel management gives on idea about how the students details, room allocation, mess expenditure are maintained in the particular concern. The hostel management system also includes some special features. The administration has the unique identity for each members as well as students details. The stock management has also held by mess expenditure, the mess expenditure that used to calculate the mess bills of each of the students. The modules of this project are student details, attendance details, room details, mess modules. Visual Basic6.0 is used as the front end tool and Oracle is used as a backend tool. Visual Basic is one of the driven programming languages. The application wizards, menu editor and data reports etc is very much useful for creating very good professional software. 1.2. TO THE SOFTWARE TOOL The â€Å"visual† part refers to the method used to create the graphical user interface (GUI). Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the appearance and location of interface elements, you simply drag and drop pre-built objects into place on screen. If you’ve ever used a drawing program such as paint, you already have most of the skills necessary to create an effective user interface. It revolves around ready-made objects and it is event-driven that is all the activities in a program are triggered by one event or another. Each object has its own properties, determining its position, size, color, appearance and nature of its text and much more. Each object also has its own event-handling procedures. Visual basic knows what a button is and how it works? It also works how to handle images, menus, dialog boxes, drive and directory list and much else. The programmer does not have to write code to trap these events the system does that automatically because th e program code runs in response to events. The flow of execution is not as fixed in a traditional program. Operations do not have to follow a set of sequence and can be easily interrupted, suspended or abandoned. The process of program design reflects the nature of the system. You begin by the screen layout events and then any necessary code to co-ordinate the whole program. Overall Diagram: USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. [pic] Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. [pic] Collaboration Diagram: [pic] State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. [pic] Activity Diagram: It describes the sequence of activity it support for the conditional and parallel behaviour . It is a variant of a state diagram in which most of the states are activity states. [pic] METHODOLOGY It contains four modules in it. They are given below †¢ Student details †¢ Attendance details †¢ Room details †¢ Mess modules Students details: This module consists of the details of the student such as roll number, name, date of birth, address, phone number, year, degree, room no, department name nad etc. here the details are entered and are updated. USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. [pic] Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. [pic] Collabration Diagram: [pic] State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. [pic] Activity Diagram: It describes the sequence of activity it support for the conditional and parallel behaviour . It is a variant of a state diagram in which most of the states are activity states. [pic] Attendance details: In this module,attendance details are maintained. Hence the upto date attendance of the each students are maintained. USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. [pic] Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. [pic] Collabration Diagram: [pic] State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. [pic] Activity diagram: It describes the sequence of activity it support for the conditional and parallel behaviour . It is a variant of a state diagram in which most of the states are activity states. [pic] Room details: In this module, the room number for the hostel student is allocated and the details of the each students are maintained and updated regularly. USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. [pic] Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. [pic] Collabration Diagram: [pic] State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. [pic] Activity Diagram: It describes the sequence of activity it support for the conditional and parallel behaviour . It is a variant of a state diagram in which most of the states are activity states. [pic] Mess Modules: In this module, the mess item expenditure for each student in the hostel is calculated for each month and the mess bill for each student in calculated and displayed. USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. [pic] CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. [pic] Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. [pic] Collabration Diagram: [pic] State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. [pic] Activity Diagram: It describes the sequence of activity it support for the conditional and parallel behaviour . It is a variant of a state diagram in which most of the states are activity states. [pic] SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT Hardware specification: Processor: Pentium IV Process speed: 1.6 GHz Memory: 512MB Hard drive: 80 Keyboard:107keys Mouse :Microsoft Software specification: Operating system:Microsoft windows 2000,windows XP Development:Microsoft visual studio Front End:Visual basic6.0 Back End:oracle PROBLEM DESCROPTION The project HOSTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM has been developed to reduce manual effort and making things faster and efficient. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 6.1.USE CASE DIAGRAM: Use case diagram is a diagram that shows the interaction between user and system to capture the user’s goals. CLASS DIAGRAM: Class diagram is a collection of static elements such as classes and their relationships connected as a graph to each other. DESIGN 7.1. Sequence Diagram: Sequence diagram shows an interaction arranged in a time sequence . it is an alternate way to understand the overall flow of the control of the system program. 7.2. State Diagram: State diagram are a familiar technique to describe the behaviour of a system. They describe all of the possible states that a particular object can get into and hoe the objects state changes as a result of events that reach the object. 7.3. ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS:

Meet Hera, the Queen of the Greek Gods

Meet Hera, the Queen of the Greek Gods Hera (Juno) is the queen of the gods. She is usually plotting either to favor the Greeks over the Trojans, as in Homers Iliad, or against one of the females who has caught the roving eye of her philandering husband, Zeus. At other times, Hera is shown plotting mischief against Heracles. Myths re-told by Thomas Bulfinch about Hera (Juno) include: Monsters Nisus and Scylla - Echo and Narcissus - Clytie - Hero and LeanderJuno and Her RivalsHercules- Hebe and Ganymede Family of Origin The Greek goddess Hera is one of the daughters of Cronus and Rhea. She is the sister and wife of the king of the gods, Zeus. Roman Equivalent The Greek goddess Hera was known as the goddess Juno by the Romans. It is Juno who torments Aeneas on his trip from Troy to Italy to found the Roman race. Of course, this is the same goddess who so vehemently opposed the Trojans in the stories about the Trojan War, so she would try to put obstacles in the path of a Trojan prince who escaped the destruction of her hated city. In Rome, Juno was part of the Capitoline triad, along with her husband and Minerva. As part of the triad, she is Juno Capitolina. The Romans also worshiped a Juno Lucina, Juno Moneta, Juno Sospita, and Juno Caprotina, among other epithets. Attributes of Hera Peacock, cow, crow and pomegranate for fertility. She is described as cow-eyed. Powers of Hera Hera is the queen of the gods and the wife of Zeus. She is the goddess of marriage and is one of the childbirth goddesses. She created the Milky Way when she was lactating. Sources on Hera Ancient sources for Hera include: Apollodorus, Cicero, Euripides, Hesiod, Homer, Hyginus, and Nonnius. Children of Hera Hera was the mother of Hephaestus. Sometimes she is credited with giving birth to him without the input of a male as a response to Zeus giving birth to Athena from his head. Hera was not pleased with the clubfoot of her son. Either she or her husband threw Hephaestus from Olympus. He fell to earth where he was tended by Thetis, the mother of Achilles, for which reason he created Achilles great shield. Hera was also the mother, with Zeus, of Ares and Hebe, the cupbearer of the gods who marries Heracles.

DuPont Essays - Chemical Companies, DuPont, Bronfman Family, Seagram

DuPont Essays - Chemical Companies, DuPont, Bronfman Family, Seagram DuPont An investment analysis DuPont makes a variety of high-value products for industry today, including polymers, chemicals, fibers, and petroleum products...products for agriculture, electronics, transportation, apparel, food, aerospace, construction, and health care. DuPont serves customers in these and other industries every day, offering "better things for better living" as the company prepares to begin its third century of scientific, technological, commercial, and social achievement. DuPont is a research and technology based chemical and energy company with its annual revenue exceeding $39 billion. Eleuth?re Ir?n?e du Pont de Nemours, a French immigrant, established DuPont in 1802 in a small Delaware town. E.I. du Pont was a student of Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, and when he came to America he brought some of the new ideas about the manufacturing of consistently reliable gun powder. His product ignited when it was supposed to, in a manner consistent with expectations. This was greatly appreciated by the citizens of the growing nation, including Thomas Jefferson, who wrote thanking du Pont for the quality of his powder, which was being used to clear the land at Monticello. Many other heroes of early America owed their success, and their lives, to the dependable quality of DuPont's first product. This represents a good, strong start for a company. DuPont, which is moving through the last decade of the twentieth century and toward its third century, emphasizes several things; competing globally; sharpening its business focus; increasing productivity; committing to safety, health, and environmental excellence; and continuing to extend its significant science and technological achievement. One of DuPont's major strategies is to focus on businesses in which DuPont has core competencies, where DuPont can build competitive advantage. The most notable example of this focus was the 1993 transaction in which DuPont acquired ICI's nylon business and ICI acquired DuPont's acrylics business. This strengthened the company's position in the global nylon business while divesting a business that no longer fit its portfolio. Another major factor in the transformation of the company in the1990s was the focus on reducing costs and improving productivity. This was necessary to give the company the flexibility for competitive pricing and to grow market share and earnings. DuPont had strong plants in several countries around the world for many years, and their globalization trend continued in the 1990s. New plants opened in Spain, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, and China, and a major technical service center opened in Japan. In 1994, a Conoco joint venture began producing oil from the Ardalin Field in the Russian Arcticthe first major oil field brought into production by a Russian/Western partnership since demise of the Soviet Union. A further major development was the redemption of 156 million DuPont shares from Seagram for $8.8 billion in cash and warrants - one of the largest stock redemptions in history. This large block of shares was redeemed at a 13 percent discount to market price. While DuPont later sold some new shares, there are 18 percent fewer shares currently outstanding than just prior to the redemption. This resulted in a significant opportunity for wealth creation for our stockholders. The share redemption was made possible by four years of cost reduction, productivity improvement and organizational change that have made DuPont strong financially and allowed them to move decisively and quickly. The DuPont that emerged from the company's transformation in the 1990s has often been described by people inside and outside the company as "the new DuPont." This characterization is only partly appropriate, because while DuPont has changed, there are many things that remain the same. The core competency in science and technology, the commitment to safety, the concern for people, the feeling of community, the emphasis on personal and corporate integrity, the future focus, and indeed the willingness to change. DuPont is a company not only out for their own interest, but also for the best interest of the world. What has always set DuPont apart is the quality of the people, people committed to making life easier and better for everybody, proud to be a part of an enterprise making "better things for better living." That was true in 1802. And it is just as true today. In the second quarter of 1995 DuPont reported earnings per share of $1.70, up 47 percent from the $1.16 earned in the second quarter 1994. Net income totaled $938 million, compared to $792 million earned in 1994. Both earnings per share and net income increased 27 percent."These outstanding results continue to reflect strong revenue gains and ongoing productivity improvements," said DuPont Chairman Edgar S.Woolard Jr. Sales for the second quarter were $11.1 billion, up 9 percent from prior year. The third quarter of the 1995 business year led DuPont to a $1.38 per share earning. This number exceeded the $.95 earned in the third quarter of 1994 by more than 45%. Net income totaled $769 million compared to $647 million earned

Central European Market - Final Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Central European Market - Final Report - Essay Example This paper examines the Auchan’s progress in the Russian market. The paper starts with background information and then analyzes the Russian market. The paper also discusses some of the challenges facing the company and suggests ways through which they can be addressed. Auchan Corporation is based in Croix, France and had presence in more than 12 countries. The company’s origin can be traced to 1961 when Gerard Mulliez opened the first store in Roubaix, France. Five years later, another store was opened in Roncq, Northern France. The company started expanding to other countries in 1981, when it established a subsidiary in Alcampo, Spain. In 1989, the company opened its first hypermarket in Italy. The company has also established foreign subsidiaries in China, Hungary and Russia. In order to increase its presence in the major economies, the company has also acquired other players in the retail industry. This mode of entry allows the company to expand much faster rather than using wholly owned enterprises. The company is one of the pioneers in the hypermarkets landscape in France and other major European countries. ). The consumers have extended values and intimacy to the corporation and the company has become more than a localized entity in R ussia. Auchan prefers organic growth and has 1,450 stores across the globe. Although the organization prefers organic growth, at times it expands to foreign markets through acquisitions. For instance, in 1996, the company acquired Docks de France and partnered with RT Mart in China. In Italy, Achuan acquired La Rinascente’s while in Italy it acquired GCI. Such acquisitions are very advantageous as they are less risky and are associated with positive outcomes such as increased market share, lower cost of operation, higher competitiveness, financial leverage and higher profitability. In most countries where it operates, the Achuan group pursues a strong

Ethical Formal Report and Analysis of the IT employment market Essay

Ethical Formal Report and Analysis of the IT employment market - Essay Example Most of the service sectors and manufacturing units one way or other depends IT for the modernization of their processes or strategies. IT is one of the essential components not only in the computer related businesses, but it has immense influence on other fields such as education, communication, health, transportation, manufacturing etc. It is necessary to keep certain ethical standards in every business activities and IT industry is also not an exception .One unethical behaviour usually leads to more such behaviours to hide the first one. The modern people are more conscious about the importance of ethical standards in everyday life and they are even ready to pay more for the products of the organizations which keeps ethical standards. Since our college has a wide reputation over a period, any silly activities may result in loss of faith by the public in our institution. Violations of ethics in organizations may bring short term benefits while good ethical practices are necessary for the long term benefits. We have to analyze the ethical standards in our organization on this perspective. I strongly believe that as the Director of Information Technology, you will consider this report seriously and will take necessary actions to sustain the confidence public have in our organization. â€Å"When we talk about business ethics, usually were speaking about standards of behaviour in the workplace as well as with customers and partners. Companies known for high ethical standards usually have an ethical code stating that they treat everyone with dignity, dont present misleading information, and scrupulously follow rules and regulations.† Moral behaviour needs to be embedded in a supportive social infrastructure that promotes consistent behaviour†. (Adam Galinsky, 1994) Unethical behaviours often lead to unnecessary problems as far as an organization is considered. In IT industry, the intellectual property

Police civil liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Police civil liability - Essay Example The pursued entered into other two officers and they were ordered to block the truck by closing the line it was driving. Tipsy did not stop but closed the line and collided with Oldsmobile. After collision, Tipsy and other two passengers in the Oldsmobile lost their lives. There after, the plaintiff filed a claim against the police officers, police chief and the police departments. In the case, the plaintiff claimed that the officers had violated or gone centrally to Section 1983 amendments. In the case, the plaintiff stated that the police did not observe the laws of pursuit in conduct of high speeding. In the case, in order to make the ruling the court must consider some facts. The court must prove that the circumstances which led to accident were as a result of police action. The pursuit involved the death of three people and the court must determine whether the action by police was the main cause of the death. In order for the officers to be held reliable for the death, the action by the officers must be the cause of the incident (Kappeler, 2006)v. Before making the judgement, the court must examine different facts. The court must examine the cause of the pursuit. The court has the duty to examine why and when the pursuit took place. The court also must examine whether the police adhered to the pursuits laws. The police also must examine the cause of accident and events leading to the accident. In the case the police officers was investigating a shoplifting crime. The officer started the pursuit in order to enforce the law by arresting a suspect. The police officer did not contact the pursuit for personal gains but was as a result of performing his duty. The court will determine whether the police officer acted for personal gain or for constitution purposes. In the case the police was enforcing the laws of the state. The court will also have the duty of

Utilitarian conservation or presevation movement Essay

Utilitarian conservation or presevation movement - Essay Example nment of the United States through the US army corps as well as the US Forest Service have played a pivotal role in ensuring that the conservation was achieved. In their mandate, there was need to prevent unprecedented human influence on nature. Through the conservational efforts, the government and other conservatisms managed to protect the nature (McPhee 3-45). Since the movement was initiated, the utilitarian conservation that has been dominant in the modern day spheres. Both the US army of Engineers as well as the US forest service has stood firm on the support of utilitarian conservation. Since the conservation methods that were used in the utilitarian movements protected and preserved the nature, contemporary conservation movements have also drawn from these ideas. US forest service and the US army advocate for allowing the nature to take its course in various areas because of this movement. The movement has only permitted human interventions when there are very critical situations demanding the human involvement. Human interactions with the environments help in defining the needs for the nature. There are many people whose interaction with the environment has led to the degradation of the environments. The human behaviours have threatened the environment including the animal species in the natural habitats (Abbey 55-87). Studies have shown that the enlighten stage gave the utilitarian conservation movement the relevancy that it has today. With the ideas that were used in the utilitarian movement, the contemporary conservation techniques can now find a leeway. After a period, the enlightenment and knowledge on how to conduct preservation is achieved. The US army as well as the US forest service helps in ensuring that the goals of the utilitarian movements are achieved. Conservation of the environment is a mandatory subject that every stakeholder in the government should be concerned about. Conserving the environment helps the future generations and races in

What is the relationship between personality traits and emplyee Essay

What is the relationship between personality traits and emplyee performanceHow do personality traits translate into individula's professional careers - Essay Example Moreover, the interrelationship between employee performance, personality traits and professional careers is further intertwined with various organisational theory models, which will be considered contextually. The learning organisation is an evolving notion which has become increasingly incorporated into the modern company and multinational philosophy. In its simplest form, Richard Karash propounds the ideology underlying the learning organisation: â€Å"A learning organisation is one which people at all levels, individuals and collectively are continually increasing their capacity to produce results they really care about† (Karash, R. 1995). The ideological underlying principle behind the learning organisation is that it produces a flexible workforce with a shared vision, which in turn ensures internal stability within an organisation. Mike Wills defines the learning organisation as a â€Å"group of people who work together† (Wills, M. 1998). He further defines it as a â€Å"company, corporation, firm, enterprise or institution, or part thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration. For organisations with more than one operating unit, a single operating unity may be defined as an organisation† (1998). Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell define the learning organisation as â€Å"an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself to achieve superior competitive performance† (1991). The concept traces its origins to the early writings on management trends in the 1930s and Schumpeter’s creative destruction theory (Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell, 1991). This was further developed by neo-human writers such as Chris Argyris with his proposition of the â€Å"double-loop learning†, which reacted to the studies of corporate excellence undertaken by Peters and Waterman, identifying organisational behavioural

Financial Statements & Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Statements & Ethics - Assignment Example The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in alliance with the United States Congress in 2002 created the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Starbucks Cafà © hired an external auditing firm to perform an independent audit of its 2010 financial statements. The Sarbanes Oxley Act mandates that all public firms hire an accounting firm to audit its annual financial statements. There are many bylaws of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that ensure auditor independence is followed. Section 201 of the Act prohibits auditors to perform other non-audit services on clients the company audited (Findlaw). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). All public accounting firms performing auditing work must be registered with the PCAOB. On November 2, 2010 the accounting firm Deloitte & Touche performed the Independent Auditor Report of the financial statements of Starbucks for fiscal year 2010. The findings from the audit were that the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material aspects, the financial position of Starbucks Corporation and its subsidiaries as of October 3, 201 0 and September 27, 2009 (Annual Report: Starbucks, 2010). My opinion is that contracting the services of outside firms for auditing and fraud detection services is a sound managerial practice. Based on SOX it is mandatory for public firms to hire external accounting firms to perform annual independent audits. The use of external consultants to prevent fraud can increase the efficiency of a system. The external consultants will look at the company from a fresh perspective. An employee might be closed minded and biased and may miss things due to overconfidence and carelessness. One of the cons of the use of external auditors and consultants is that they can very expensive. Consultants can not monitor the daily activities of a firm otherwise they would become full-time employees. There is a need to create internal controls to prevent fraud. These

Utilitarian conservation or presevation movement Essay

Utilitarian conservation or presevation movement - Essay Example nment of the United States through the US army corps as well as the US Forest Service have played a pivotal role in ensuring that the conservation was achieved. In their mandate, there was need to prevent unprecedented human influence on nature. Through the conservational efforts, the government and other conservatisms managed to protect the nature (McPhee 3-45). Since the movement was initiated, the utilitarian conservation that has been dominant in the modern day spheres. Both the US army of Engineers as well as the US forest service has stood firm on the support of utilitarian conservation. Since the conservation methods that were used in the utilitarian movements protected and preserved the nature, contemporary conservation movements have also drawn from these ideas. US forest service and the US army advocate for allowing the nature to take its course in various areas because of this movement. The movement has only permitted human interventions when there are very critical situations demanding the human involvement. Human interactions with the environments help in defining the needs for the nature. There are many people whose interaction with the environment has led to the degradation of the environments. The human behaviours have threatened the environment including the animal species in the natural habitats (Abbey 55-87). Studies have shown that the enlighten stage gave the utilitarian conservation movement the relevancy that it has today. With the ideas that were used in the utilitarian movement, the contemporary conservation techniques can now find a leeway. After a period, the enlightenment and knowledge on how to conduct preservation is achieved. The US army as well as the US forest service helps in ensuring that the goals of the utilitarian movements are achieved. Conservation of the environment is a mandatory subject that every stakeholder in the government should be concerned about. Conserving the environment helps the future generations and races in

Financial Statements & Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Statements & Ethics - Assignment Example The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in alliance with the United States Congress in 2002 created the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Starbucks Cafà © hired an external auditing firm to perform an independent audit of its 2010 financial statements. The Sarbanes Oxley Act mandates that all public firms hire an accounting firm to audit its annual financial statements. There are many bylaws of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that ensure auditor independence is followed. Section 201 of the Act prohibits auditors to perform other non-audit services on clients the company audited (Findlaw). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). All public accounting firms performing auditing work must be registered with the PCAOB. On November 2, 2010 the accounting firm Deloitte & Touche performed the Independent Auditor Report of the financial statements of Starbucks for fiscal year 2010. The findings from the audit were that the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material aspects, the financial position of Starbucks Corporation and its subsidiaries as of October 3, 201 0 and September 27, 2009 (Annual Report: Starbucks, 2010). My opinion is that contracting the services of outside firms for auditing and fraud detection services is a sound managerial practice. Based on SOX it is mandatory for public firms to hire external accounting firms to perform annual independent audits. The use of external consultants to prevent fraud can increase the efficiency of a system. The external consultants will look at the company from a fresh perspective. An employee might be closed minded and biased and may miss things due to overconfidence and carelessness. One of the cons of the use of external auditors and consultants is that they can very expensive. Consultants can not monitor the daily activities of a firm otherwise they would become full-time employees. There is a need to create internal controls to prevent fraud. These

Responsibility of Ethics Essay Example for Free

Responsibility of Ethics Essay Ethical standing among community members and business persons is held in high regard.   The matter of trust needs to be had at all times so that people know that their information is safe.   When ethical issues arise, somewhere, somehow there has to be someone who is able and willing to stand up and report the unethical issue.   All professionals are bound by ethics and the responsibility to report wrong doing. In this case, the widow’s attorney is charging the widow 12-14% more than his average percentage with respects to his other clients.    Normal everyday ethics suggest that not only is he acting in bad ethics but obviously is taking advantage of this widow.   Charlie, even if not mandated by law or administrative rule, should inform the widow.   This would be the right and respectful thing to do but is Charlie mandated by any code of ethics to act on this information and inform her is the real question. Charlie, even though he is not the person creating the ethical situation, is bound by ethical codes to inform this widow at the very least but more appropriately the governing agency, of the actions of her attorney.  Ã‚   As stated in the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct for CPA’s â€Å"members should act with integrity, guided by the precept that when members fulfill their responsibility to the public, clients and employers interests are best served.† (ET Section 53 Article II—The Public Interest, ET Section 52 Article I—Responsibilities, ET Section 54 Article III—Integrity    ET Section 56 Article V—Due Care of the AICPA). The biggest ethical issue is honesty, integrity and the personal gain issues.   The attorney stands to gain a substantial amount of money, well more than what he should for his services.   The code of ethics for attorney’s alone is violated is drastic ways.   Some states have statutes on how an attorney charges their client and some rely of good ethical behavior but this aside, attorneys are to charge only what is fair and consistent with how they charge everyone else. This attorney is violating a huge public interest and the widow can file a complaint and the attorney stands to lose his liscense to practice law.   Charlie can also intervene and simply make a phone call to the governing agency as this particular information that he knows, is not bound by the confidentiality laws as this information was derived not by the widows words but by the admittance of the attorney in which there is no confidentiality as there is no client issue due to the fact that Charlie is not asking for advice and the lawyer is not giving it. Works Cited AICPA Code of Professional Conduct.   2006-2008.   http://www.aicpa.org/About/code/sec50.htm New Jersey Judiciary. Office of Attorney Ethics. 2001 http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/oae/OAEEthicsPamphlet.pdf

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Performance of Unified Power Quality Conditioner ABSTRACT Power electronics is playing an important role in transmission and utilization of electrical power due to its capability of processing electric power in most efficient and cost-effective way. However, the nonlinear characteristics of power electronic devices give rise to two important limitations; they generate harmonics and draw lagging current from the utility. In recent years unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is being used as a universal active power conditioning device to compensate both harmonics as well as reactive power. UPQC is an advanced version of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The performance of UPQC mainly depends upon how quickly and accurately compensation signals are derived. The UPQC mitigates harmonics and provides reactive power to the power systems network so as to improve the power factor close to unity. The UPQC is a combination of shunt active and series active power filters connected through a dc bus. The shunt active filter of UPQC acts as a current source for injecting compensating current through a shunt transformer, whereas, the series active filter acts as a voltage source for feeding compensating voltage through a series transformer. The aim of the dissertation work is to study the control strategies of UPQC based on PI controller and fuzzy logic controller in detail. In the case of PI controller, the dc link voltage is sensed at regular intervals and is compared with a reference value. The error signal thus derived is processed in a PI controller. A limit is put on the output of the controller to ensure that the shunt active power filter supplies active power of the load through the series active power filter. The fuzzy logic controller is basically nonlinear and adaptive in nature. This gives a robust performance in the cases where the effects of parameter variation of controller are also taken into consideration. It is a well established fact that the fuzzy logic controller yields results that are superior to those obtained as compare to those obtained through conventional controllers such as PI and PID because of the fact that it is based on linguistic variable set theory and does not require a mathematical model. Generally, the input variables are error and rate of change of error. If the error if coarse, the fuzzy controller provide coarse tuning to the output variable and if the error is fine it provides fine tuning of the output variable. The present thesis investigates PI controller and fuzzy logic controller as concerned to UPQC application for power quality improvement. The UPQC is studied and its advantages over conventional APFs and UPFC are discussed in detail. The relevant mathematical models and equations to explain the working of UPFC are derived for both the cases (PI controller and fuzzy logic controller).The relevant simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The result obtained reveals that the fuzzy logic controller gives better dynamic performance than the PI controller for power quality improvement. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Theory The electrical power system consisting of generation, transmission and distribution system are based on alternative voltage and currents. When linear load consisting of inductances, capacitances and resistances are connected to the power system the sine wave is preserved and the system components are said to be linear. Traditionally, linear loads consume major part of electrical power. However situation has changed now as more and more electrical power are being developed using power electronic devices due to their energy efficiency and control. Power electronic devices possess inherent non linear characteristics. The nonlinear characteristics of this devices results in two important limitations, drawing of large reactive volt-amperes and injection of harmonics into the utility. Large reactive volt-amperes drawn from the utility leads to increase voltage drops at various buses. The harmonics increase the losses in transformers, generators, motors, capacitors, conductors, etc. some of the control devices interfaced with the utility starts malfunctioning due to excessive harmonic currents. As the non linear load consists of the major portion of the total load for the last two three decades, reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering have received a great deal of attention. To restrict the consumers against excessive loading VARs and harmonics, stricter standards has been laid down by the utilities. Most popular among them is standard 519-1992 [1]. Static VAR compensators using thyristor switched capacitors (TSC) and thyristor control inductors (TCI) [2], [3] have been traditionally used for reactive power compensation. As the VAR generated in these schemes are directly proportional to the energy storage capability of capacitors and inductors, there is considerable increase in the size of these elements when the VARs to be compensated are large. Moreover TSC and TCI produce additional current harmonics. Therefore shunt passive filters require filtering them out. Active power filter (APF) using voltage or current source inverter can be used for reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering together. The major advantage of using voltage source or current source inverter is that the size of the energy storing element is drastically reduced as compare to TSC or TCI. The shunt APF is the most commonly used APF. The power circuit of shunt APF is shown in Fig. 1.1. In shunt APF, a reactive volt ampere calculation estimates the real component of the load current, Ipland then determines the resistive component of the load current by subtracting Ipl from IL(Iql= IL-Ipl). If nonlinearity present in the load current, it is present in Iql as well. Since compensation current Icomp is made to follow Iql, load harmonics also get eliminated. Apart from shunt APF various other APF topologies such as series active filter, hybrid series active filter and power line conditioner have been proposed in the literature. The series active filter as shown in Fig. 1.2 is connected in series with supply mains using a matching transformer. Its limitation is that the presence of active impedance in series with source produces voltage harmonics. IL = Ipl +Iql Source Icomp = Iql Source Source side Series transformer Load side Shunt transformer DC Link Capacitor Converter 1 converter 2 Using combine series APF and shunt APF unified power flow controller (UPFC) realized, which performs active power compensation, reactive power compensation and phase angle regulation. UPFC believed to be the most complete power conditioning device. But as the time changes, problem also changes. Now days electrical engineers facing problem regarding harmonic compensation, voltage sag and voltage flickering and UPFC is not able to overcome these problems. So a new concept based on UPFC derived called unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) as shown in Fig. 1.3, which performs all the basic functions of UPFC in addition it also compensate for current /voltage harmonics with constant voltage maintenance at load terminals. 1.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner The UPQC is the most versatile and complex of the FACTS devices, combining the features of the STATCOM and the SSSC. The UPQC can provide simultaneous control of all basic power system parameters, transmission voltage harmonic compensation, impedance and phase angle. It is recognized as the most sophisticated power flow controller currently, and probably the most expensive one. The basic components of the UPQC are two voltage source inverters (VSIs) sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and connected to the power system through coupling transformers. One VSI is connected to in shunt to the transmission system via a shunt transformer, while the other one is connected in series through a series transformer. A basic UPQC functional scheme is shown in Fig.1.3. The series inverter is controlled to inject a symmetrical three phase voltage system of controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line to control active and reactive power flows on the transmission line. So, this i nverter will exchange active and reactive power with the line. The reactive power is electronically provided by the series inverter, and the active power is transmitted to the dc terminals. The shunt inverter is operated in such a way as to demand this dc terminal power (positive or negative) from the line keeping the voltage across the storage capacitor Vdc constant. So, the net real power absorbed from the line by the UPQC is equal only to the losses of the inverters and their transformers. The remaining capacity of the shunt inverter can be used to exchange reactive power with the line so to provide a voltage regulation at the connection point [8]-[11]. A conventional UPQC topology is comprised of the integration of two active power filters connected back to back to a common dc link bus. A simple block diagram of a typical UPQC is shown in Fig. 1.4. The first active filter connected in series through an injection transformer is commonly termed as series filters (SF). It acts as a controlled voltage generator. It has capability of voltage imbalance compensation, voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer PCC. In addition to this, it provides harmonic isolation between a sub-transmission system and a distribution system. A UPQC consists of combination of shunt active filter and series active filter with a common dc link as shown in Fig. 1.4. The dc link capacitor allows the active power generated by the shunt active filter and active power drawn by the series filter to be same. Further dc link capacitor increases or decreases with respect to rated voltage which depends upon power generated and absorbed by both active filter can be choosen independently which gives flexibility to the power outlet. The performance of these active filters is based on three basic design criteria. They are: Design of power inverter (semiconductor switches, inductances, capacitors, dc voltage); PWM control method (hysteresis, triangular carrier, periodical sampling); Method used to obtain the current reference or the control strategy used to generate the reference template. Both series voltage control and shunt current control involve use of voltage source converters. Both these inverters each consisting of six IGBTs with anti parallel diode connected with each IGBT are operated in current control mode employing PWM control technique. Capacitor is used as an interface between the two back to back connected inverters and the voltage across it acts as the dc voltage source driving the inverters The two VSIs can work independently of each other by separating the dc side. So in that case, the shunt inverter is operating as a STATCOM that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the voltage magnitude at the connection point. Instead, the series inverter is operating as SSSC that generates or absorbs reactive power to regulate the current flow, and hence the power flows on the transmission line. The UPQC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current into the transmission line. The shunt inverter can be controlled in two different modes: (1) VAR Control Mode:The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request. The shunt inverter control translates the VAR reference into a corresponding shunt current request and adjusts gating of the inverter to establish the desired current. For this mode of control a feedback signal representing the dc bus voltage, Vdc, is also required. (2)Automatic Voltage Control Mode:The shunt inverter reactive current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission line voltage at the point of connection to a reference value.. The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to influence the power flow on the line. The actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways: Direct Voltage Injection Mode:The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase angle of the series voltage. Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase displacement between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage. Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in series with the line impedance. Automatic Power Flow Control Mode:The reference inputs are values of active and reactive power to maintain the transmission line despite system changes. A UPQC control strategy should preferably have following attributes: (1) Shunt converter Reactive power control by shunt current injection Real power regulation through dc link capacitor DC capacitor voltage regulation Harmonic compensation (2) Series converter Real reactive power control by series voltage injection Voltage control Phase angle regulation Power factor correction 1.3 Characteristics of UPQC Basic characteristics of UPQC are same as UPFC but UPQC in addition, performs active filtering. The operation of UPQC from the standpoint of conventional power transmission based on reactive shunt compensation, series compensation and phase angle regulation, the UPQC fulfill these functions there by meet multiple control objectives by adding injected voltage with appropriate magnitude and phase angle to the terminal voltage. Using phasor representation, basic UPQC control functions explained: (1)Terminal Voltage Regulation The change in voltage shown in Fig.1.5 is injected in phase or anti phase. UPQC with its series voltage control detects and calculates the required terminal voltage vo to be injected in series with the line to compensate both the dip and swell in the supply voltage. vo + vo vo (2) Series Capacitive Compensation Here, vpq = vc where vcis injected capacitive voltage in quadrature to the line current functionally it is similar to series capacitive and inductive line compensation attained by SSSC as shown in Fig. 1.6. Series inverter in combination with the insertion transformer produces the series injected voltage as calculated to mitigate the effects of the fluctuations of supply voltage by drawing the required power from the dc link. vc vo vo + vc Fig. 1.6 Series capacitive compensation (3) Transmission Angle Regulation Here, vpq = v (ÃŽ ´) is injected with an angular relationship with respect to the voltage that achieves desire phase shift without any change in the magnitude as shown in Fig. 1.7. At any given transmission angle ÃŽ ´, the transmitted real power demand P and reactive power demand at transmission line sending end Qs and receiving end Qr can be freely controlled by UPQC Vc vd ÃŽ ´ vo vo + vÃŽ ´ (4) Multifunction Power Flow Control This property is executed by simultaneous terminal voltage regulation, series capacitive line compensation and phase shifting as shown in Fig.1.8. This function makes UPQC unique device that performs all power quality improvement functions. vc ΔvvÃŽ ´ vpq vo + ÃŽ ´v + vc + vÃŽ ´ (e) Active Filtering The compensating shunt currents generated contain harmonic content of the load current but with opposite polarity such that when they are injected at the point of common coupling the harmonic content of supply current is effectively reduced. As discussed earlier in this chapter. 1.4 Aim of Work This work deals with UPQC, which aims at the integration of series-active and shunt-active power filters. Fig. 1.3 shows the basic system configuration of such a UPQC. In this system, the power supply is assumed to be a three-phase, three-wire system. The two active power filters are composed of two 3-leg voltage source (VSI). The main purpose of the series-APF is harmonic isolation between a sub transmission system and a distribution system. In addition, the series-APF has the capability of voltage imbalance compensation as well as voltage regulation and harmonic compensation at the utility-consumer point of common coupling (PCC). Atthe same time, the main purpose of the shunt- APF is to absorb current harmonics, compensate for active power and reactive power injected by the load. Also, the voltage of the DC link capacitor is controlled to a desired value by the shunt-APF. The aim of the dissertation is to design different control strategies for (UPQC), which is one of the major custom power solutions capable of mitigating the effect of supply voltage sag, swell, flicker and spikes at the load end or at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). It also prevents load current harmonics from entering the utility and corrects the input power factor of the load. Further, the main aim of the dissertation is to implement a control strategy for UPQC, modeling of UPQC using simulink and to analyze the control strategy to use the series voltage injection and shunt current injection for UPQC control The control strategies used here are based on PI controller, fuzzy controller. The relative performance of the two controls is also studied. The present work discusses the compensation principle and different control strategies (PI, Fuzzy) of the UPQC in detail [12]-[15]. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of UPQC is examined by considering, a diode rectifier feeding an RL load (non linear load) that acts as a source of harmonics, to the system of concern. The performance is also observed by switching the extra RL load. The simulation results are listed in comparison of different control strategies and for the verification of result [16]-[18]. 1.5 Organization of the Report The report of the work done is organized as follows: Chapter 2 gives brief overview of control strategy of UPQC. In this chapter introduction to dq theory, compensation strategy, basic control function and modeling of UPQC using PI controller discussed with results. Chapter 3 discusses about fuzzy logic controller and implementation in UPQC. Membership functions, rule base table and surface viewer also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 gives comparison studied between fuzzy logic controller and PI controller. Simulation results of both are discussed in detail with the help of table and graphs. The last chapter 5 presents important conclusions and future work. Adequate references provided at the end of the chapter. Chapter 2 CONTROL STRATAGEY FOR UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 2.1 Introduction Control strategy plays vital role in overall performance of power conditioner. Control strategy includes features like rapid detection of harmonic signals by maintaining higher accuracy, fast processing, and faster dynamic response of the controller. The control strategy can be realized using discrete analog and digital devices or advanced programmable devices, such as single chip micro computers, DSPs etc[10]. The control strategy determined by the appropriate switching pattern or signal obtained by compensating gate signal compared obtained by comparing with its reference value. Since derivation of reference signal plays an important role in control strategy, many theories and techniques were proposed in recent years. There are number of control strategies were proposed among them dq method is used in the present work and discussed below: 2.2 dq Transformation It is established that the active filter flows from leading voltage to lagging voltage and reactive power flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Therefore both active and reactive power can be controlled by controlling the phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component of the converter voltage with respect to line voltage. dq theory provides an independent control of active reactive power by controlling phase and the magnitude of the fundamental component with respect to converter voltage According to the dq control theory three-phase line voltages and line currents are converted in to its equivalent two-phase system called stationary reference frame. These quantities further transformed into reference frame called synchronous reference frame. In synchronous reference frame, the components of current corresponding to active and reactive power are controlled in an independent manner. This three-phase dq transformation and dq to three-phase transformation are discussed in detail in this chapter. The outer loop controls the dc bus voltage and the inner loop controls the line currents. The instantaneous real power at any point on line can be defined by: p =vRIR + vBIb + vCIc (2.1) And we can define instantaneous reactive voltage conceptually as a part of three phase voltage set that could be eliminated at any instant without altering p. Reference frame theory based d-q model of shunt active filter is presented in this section. While dealing with instantaneous voltages and currents in three phase circuits mathematically, it is adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space vectors [10]. Vector representation of instantaneous three phase quantities R, Y and B which are displaced by an angle 2Ï€/3 from each other is shown in Fig.2.1 [17]. ÃŽ ² B 90o R ÃŽ ± 120o Y The instantaneous current and voltage space vectors are expressed in terms of instantaneous voltages and currents as: v= [vRvYvB] I = [IR IY IB] (2.2) Instantaneous voltages and currents on the RYB co ordinates can be transformed into the quadrature ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² coordinates by Clarke Transformation as follows: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²v0.=TvRvYvB. (2.3) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ²I0.=TIRIYIB. (2.4) Where Transformation matrix T=2/31-1/2-1/203/2-3/21/21/21/2 (2.5) Since in a balanced three-phase three-wire system neutral current is zero, the zero sequence current does not exist and zero sequence current can also be eliminated using star delta transformer. These voltages in ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² reference frame can further be transformed into rotating d- q reference frame as Fig. 2.2. ÃŽ ² d Y R ÃŽ ± ω B q T1=cosωr-sinωrsinωrcosωr (2.7) Where ωr is the angular velocity of the d- q reference frame as shown in Fig. 2.2. The current components in the d- q reference frame can be similarly obtained using the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ² to d-q transformation matrix T1. The unit vector required for this transformation is generated using the grid voltage 2.3 Compensation Strategy vc iL ic VL vs As shown in Fig. 2.3,vs is the supply voltage. vc, Ic are the series compensation voltage, shunt compensation current and vL, iL are the load voltage and current respectively. The source voltage may contain negative, zero as well as harmonic components. The per phase voltage of the system can be expressed as: va=v1pm+sinωtsinÃŽ ¸+valn+k=2∞Vaksin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka (2.8) Where v1pa is the fundamental frequency positive sequence components, v1naand v10a are negative and zero sequence components respectively. The last term of equation represents the harmonic content in the voltage. In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage of: vah=v1an+v10a+ k=2∞vka sin kωt + ÃŽ ¸ka 2.9 In the latter section, it will be shown how the series-APF can be designed to operate as a controlled voltage source whose output voltage would be automatically controlled according to the above equation. The functions of the shunt active filter is to provide compensation of the load harmonic current, load reactive power demand and also to maintain dc link current constant. To provide load reactive power demand and compensation of the load harmonic and negative sequence currents, the shunt-APF acts as a controlled current source and its output components should include harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence components in order to compensate these quantities in the load current [6]. The per phase load current of shunt active filter is expressed as: Ial=I1pmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.10) =I1pmcosωt cosÃŽ ¸1 + I1pmsin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 k=2∞Ialk (2.11) In order to compensate harmonic current and reactive power demand the shunt active filter should produce a current of: Iah=I1pm+sin ωt sin ÃŽ ¸1 +Ialn+k=2∞Iak (2.12) Then the harmonic, reactive and negative-sequence current will not flow into power source. Hence, the current from the source terminal will be: Ias=Ial-Iah=Ipmcos ωt ÃŽ ¸1 + Taln+k=2∞Ialk (2.13) This is a perfect harmonic free sinusoidal current in phase with voltage. 2.4 Basic Control Function It is evident from above discussion that UPQC should separate out the fundamental frequency positive sequence components first from the other components. Then it is required to control both series and shunt active filter to give output as shown in equations (2.9) and (2.18) respectively. The control strategy uses a PLL based unit vector template for extraction of reference signal from the distorted input supply. The block diagram of extraction of unit vector template is as given in Fig. 2.4. vm va,vb,vc vLa,vLb,vLc The input source voltage at point of common coupling contains fundamental and distorted component. To get unit vector templates of voltage, the input voltage is sensed and multiplied by gain equal to 1/vm, where vm is peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. These unit vector templates are then passed through a PLL for synchronization of signals. The unit vector templates for different phases are obtained as follows: va=sin ωt vb=sin (ωt-1200) (2.14) vc=sin (ωt+1200) 2.5 Shunt Converter Control The unit vector template of voltage is used to generate the reference signal for shunt APF. The control block diagram of shunt active filter is given in Fig. 2.5. As indicated earlier, the shunt APF compensates current harmonics in addition to maintaining the dc link current at a constant level. To achieve this, dc link current of the UPQC is compared with a constant reference current of magnitude equal to peak of harmonic current [10.]. The error between measured dc link current and reference current is processed in a PI controller. Gatting Signals Ia Ib I vavbvc Iar Ibr Icr dc link Pdc Ploss Idc ref The output of PI controller is added to real power loss component to derive reference source current given as: vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ² = 1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2 vavbvc (2.15) IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² =1/2 -1/2-1/203/2 -3/2IaIbIc (2.16) pt=vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ²t qt=-vÃŽ ²tIÃŽ ±t+vÃŽ ±tIÃŽ ²t (2.17) In matrix form it is given as: pq = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.18) From equation 2.18 the values of p and q can be expressed in terms of dc components plus the ac components as follows: p=p+p q=q+q (2.19) Where p is the dc component of the instantaneous power p, and is related to the fundamental active current. p is the ac component of the imaginary power p, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of the instantaneous real power q is the dc component of the imaginary instantaneous power q, and is related to the reactive power generated by the fundamental components of voltage and current qis the ac component of the instantaneous imaginary power q, and is related to the harmonic current caused by the ac component of instantaneous reactive power. To compute harmonic free unity power factor, three-phase currents, compensating powers pc and qc are selected as: pc = pldc + ploss (2.20) qc = 0 Where, plossis the instantaneous active power corresponding to the switching loss and resistive loss of UPQC. The total instantaneous active power is calculated by adding real power loss due to switching as shown in Fig.2.5. The orthogonal components of the fundamental current are obtained as follows: IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² = vÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²-vÃŽ ²vÃŽ ± pcqc (2.21) The a-b-c components of fundamental reference current are obtained as follows: i*sai*sbi*sc =2/30-1/31/3-1/31/3IÃŽ ±IÃŽ ² (2.22) The reference currents are then; compared with actual source current in a hystresis controller band to derive the switching signals to shunt inverter. 2.6 Series Converter Control In order for the load voltage to be perfectly sinusoidal and balanced, the series filter should produce a voltage equal to equation (2.9). The reference load voltages are obtained by multiplying the unit vector templates with a constant equal to peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. The compensation signals for series filter are thus obtained by comparing these reference load voltages with actual source voltage using equation (2.23). v*fa=vsa-vmva v*fa=vsb-vmvb v*fa=vsc-vmvc (2.23) The control of the series-active power filter is given in Fig. 2.6. The series-APF should behave as a controlled voltage source and its output should follow the pattern of voltage given in equation (2.9). This compensating voltage signal can be obtained by comparing the actual load terminal voltage with the desired value. These compensation signals are compared with actual signals at the terminals of series filter and the error is taken to hystresis controller to generate the required gating signal for series filter as shown in Fig. 2.6. vla v v*fa Gatting va signal v*fb vb v*fa vlb vfa vfb vfc Fig. 2.6 Control block diagram of series-APF 2.7 Modeling of UPQC The three-phase system shown in Fig. 2.7 is considered for verifying the performance of UPQC. Three-phase source feeding this system at one end. For the best performance, UPQC is placed at the midpoint of the system as shown in Fig. 2.7. UPQC is placed between two sections B1and B2 of the transmission line. The complete system parameters are given in Table 2.1. The STATCOM model in UPQC is connected in shunt with transmission line using step down transformer. the voltage can be regulated to improve the voltage stability of the power system. Thus the main function of the STATCOM is to regulate key bus voltage magnitude by dynamically absorbing or generating power to the ac transmission line. The SSSC which is connected by series transformer with transmission line generates three-phase voltage of controllable magnitude and phase angle. This voltage injection in series with the transmission line is almost in quadrature with the line current and hence emulates an equivalent inductive or capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. A small part of this injected voltage is in phase with the transmission line current supplying the required losses in the Inverter Bridge and transformer. Three-phase AC source Rated voltage 11 kV Frequency 50 Hz SC level 200 MVA Base voltage 11 KV X/R 8 Transmission line parameters Resistance of the line 0.01273 ÃŽ ©/km