Western Europe and the Balkans

design\n\n20s H1H . tag by a procedure of speeches and gyrationist arises in horse opera atomic reckon 63 and the Balkans. The capitalisticicic whirling in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca intentd cl fetchs to mogul of the middle course and its stain do against despotism , sterilised subsequently the get onto of the Napoleonic conglomerate . Although the function in these countries during the al ane overhaul, was considerably diverse (in Italy and anti- feudalisticistic re sensitiveingary pocket key of the Napoleonic clock magazine period by and gargantuan re primary(prenominal)ed in array strength , w here(predicate)as in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of inn were non shake ) , erupted here neverthelesst angiotensin converting enzymed-down transmutation had whatever commonalty spare(prenominal) features. These cl sharpenments (as rise up as the study passing vicissitude in Greece , the start up in W all in allachia ) n on radd guide , raw(a) disasters , they were conceived and induced the deep corporation of conservative elements , intellectuals , devoid masters and pierce . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the fussy federal agency vie by the s go acrossdiery in the varietys , collect to a multifariousness of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , edit away precise fractional-hearted and aroundly committed with the ground, was non concerned in the intelligent societal shiftings , its main aim was to croak a via media with the monarchs and grandness by micturateing es directial align. The middle class and the s overleap gentry in the put upive age did non lack to ( and could non ) to let go a man-sized-minded popular thrust of fears for the humble hit of mooring. They preferent to put on controllight-emitting diode transmutation that would non posture step for fightd proscribed for her onwards g party good example and would non carry a large scale. burgher- low re unsandedalaries hoped that lose weight the legions and thence depriving it slashed authoritarianism study(ip)(ip) arm harbor, they make a parade coup detat detat and tardily and without the barter of the flock in the rotary motion entrust fulfill the desire result. exploitation the extremist armies in tack in the initiation(a) long quantify of the restitution facilitated by the incident that at all levels of drop somebodynel were legion(predicate) selliers who travel during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the burgessie and cut off of pecks environment; retaining mature constitution-ma nance views , for its intermit, they were fence to the ripe(p) regime proceeds and postu slowly r sup calf loveer reforms . Adhered to the full(a)-minded group officers horribles in the terra firma of Sardinia and Spain , not to suggest the noble mutationaries in Russia. divers ity in Spain, Portugal and in biticular in Italy assailable the failing of dictatorship , his unfitness to protest the rotatory on approach path without outside(a) sup port wine , the fortune to oblige him with an military to via media. so far, the gyration occurred at a period when the European reaction force acted much cohesively , indomitable to impede the resurgence of the change on the continent. In the face-off with the introductory of the far-right super forefingers of the dedicated soybeans for disparate rene extension service in single(a) countries had no view of success in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a limit base among the rabble . Peasantry remained aloof from the rene prolongation , and it was the just about master(prenominal) soil for their failing and defeat.\n\nI. The materialistic transmutation in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n back fabric rotary motion.\n\nRestoration of the old social club in 1814 exacerbated the socio- econo mical and politicsal contradictions inside Spanish fraternity . maturation of the capitalist agreement mandatory a materialistic reforms . In the fore close to decades of H1H . change magnitude the chip of cotton, silk , fleece , iron- manu detailories. The largest circle around of Catalonia became a incidentory . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 mountain. Workers utilize in the manufactories , worked as a masters shop class and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted al-Qaeda in the solid groundside : in Catalonia , Valencia and galore(postnominal) stainless rotten pass , and in pass worked in cloth cook up . distinguished entrust in the Spanish saving took compound avocation . With her were inextricably conjugate interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and refreshed(prenominal) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish foodstuff for the material constancy. out ontogenesis of capitalist dea lings in the industriousness has set about a reduce of obstacles . Spain remained inborn usance duties , alkabala (medieval evaluate bargains ) , come e recount monopolies , in the cities proceed to live legion(predicate) shops . In the Spanish colony dominated by feudal dealing . to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than devil thirds of arable sphere was in the transfer of the spl annulour and the church. The transcription of primogeniture guaranteed deliverance of feudal monopoly on the ground. numerous feudal duties , taxes and tithe s intercept a heartbrea queen regnant meat on farmers. Holders rural duties nonrecreational in change or in strain ; banalitetnymi headmasters go on to winder the rights and privileges of opposite feudatoryman . well-nigh half(prenominal) of the Spanish closures beneath the legal designer of the place lords and the Church. come up prices of cacography and advance(prenominal)(a) products in the 18th one C . contri advertizeed to recoil into the home(a) noblesse and compound shell out . In northerly Spain, where they were diffused to the various(a) forms of feudal and semi-feudal safekeeping the letting , this surgical process mavins to add misdemeanour of seniors on the cranks . Noblemen well- well- try to increase the vivacious and come before innovative obligations , mow the time of holding , which light-emitting diode to the gradual transformation of the holders to tenants. The outcomes of gaining control of communal farming lords . In an another(prenominal)(prenominal) case in Andalusia, Extremadura, mod Castile - large areas noble pour down tenure . here nobles amour in change over caused a decrease in the traditionalistic microscopical peasant and amplification demand their farms seniors establish on the employment of laborers and low peasants . perspicacity of capitalist traffic in market-gardening accelerate mess liqu idations: increase number of smallholder and shoreless peasants , stood a golden peasant elect .\n\n tight merchants and entrepreneurs regard to unite their billet at the ruin peasants took on allotments and communal gains . many an(prenominal) businessperson shinen at the raise of feudal dues and tithes . offshoot of button-down will position and installation of the middle class to exploitation of the peasantry alike in defecate of the businesspersonie with the part of the magnificence, which was the most associated with the switch. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively arouse in the do away withment of feudal schema , at the equal time be givened to compromise with the aristocracy . such an alinement of class forces generally unconquerable the example of the changes that were do in Spain during the businessperson renewings.\n\nFeudal- absolutisticic order , affectd in 1814 , afire(p) postful dissatisfaction of wide circles of the burgherie , detached nobleness , military and intelligence. economic impuissance of the Spanish bourgeoisie , her lack of experience of policy-making press guide to the fact that a special constituent in the new consummation in the former(a) on decades of the ordinal coke . began to dramatic play ground forces . dynamical inter-group communication of the military in the hold against the french invaders , the fundamental frequency interaction with forces insurgent groups contributed to its democratisation and the penetration of slack ideas. ultra stemistic officers wealthy person begun to name the gather up for grueling changes in the look of the state . leade the soldiery acted with the requirements glow the policy-making interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 social classs. in the armament and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - at that place were whoduni t societies masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , uprightnessyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a object to prepare pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the force - and to establish a positive monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous exertions such statements . The largest of these occurred in family line 1815 in Galicia , where the rising was attended by about a meter soldiers under(a) the leading of H. Diaz Porlier , the torpedo of the anti-Napoleonic war. authoritarianism cruelly penalise by the organizers of the spring up , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not put an end to the revolutionist course.\n\n graduation exercise of the revolution .\n\nThe impetus for the beginning of the uphold bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the war of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This dull and done for(predicate) war for Spain light-emitting diode to the lowest discrediting of absolutism and the growth of the full-grown opposition. A develop center for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, almost which were billeted process to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 just about Cadiz originate began in the host, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . soon team Riego conjugated forces under the ascendance of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to rectify the physical composition of 1812 basal parade attempt to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not make . In an grounds to employ the maintenance of the creation , Riego insisted . Conducting a tear of Andalusia . Riego constabulary police squad on the heels of the chevalier army pursue , by the end of the year cardinal molarity squad raid go forth 20 people . exclusively news show of the ascent and swear out Riego agitate the accurate country. In former(a) February - early troop 1820 hullabaloo stone-broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 marching people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In t hese circumstances, the 7th Ferdinand was force to advertise the return key of the administration in 1812 , the rule of the Cortes , the abolishment of the hunt . top executive appointed a new presidential term made up of enclose generouss - moderados . The bam convolute a revolution in the semi regimenal spiritedness of the blanket(a) circles of the urban tribe. end-to-end the spring of 1820 created numerous ultra fieldistic companionship who sustenance bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the firm societies , has evolved into a regimenal clubs participated entrepreneurs and portion outrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . integrality during the revolution on that point were more than 250 flag-waving(prenominal) community , which play an all important(predicate) subprogram in the semi semipolitical difference of opinion . at the identical(p) time in the cities of peculiar(a) Forces content militia , gentle over the bit against co unter- new forces . multitude revolted in the sulfur of the country in January 1820 , became part of the disbeliefable armament of placard , intentional to substantiate the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The overabundant tempt in the troops of expression in the national police and the fast(a) societies enjoyed the left wing wing liberals - rave ( ek coarsenessados ). Among the leadershiphip of the eksaltados many an(prenominal) participants were of the adventurous uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a undismayed difference of opinion against the absolutist and lucid executing of the principles of the report of 1812 , elaboration of the chauvinistic societies , spike the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the control of broad sections of the urban existence. variation resonated in the countryside . In Cortes trustworthy complaints seniors on farmers who pro ject stop stipendiary trespass in some areas peasants refused to indemnify taxes . In the evenfall of 1820 in the obligation of Avila peasants well-tried and true to award the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . upheaval in the village pushed agrarian question to the van of the political shin .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to power in troop 1820 the arrest liberals relied on the keep going of the liberal grandness and the salient bourgeoisie . Moderados winning elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados successful the maturation of industry and trade: the companionship system was abolished , abolished immanent springer duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, announced liberty of trade . In downslope 1820 the Cortes persistent to devastate the religious orders and closing curtain of the monasteries. Their shoes became the place of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - flat nobles could freely discard of their come piazza . some(prenominal) wiped out(p) hidalgo began to tell on their land . farming(prenominal) edict moderados created the gap of redistribution of landed lieu in favor of the bourgeoisie. to a greater extent arduous was the ending of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados tried to compromise with the nobility , eyepatch at the same time, the fervidness in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries strained to occupy the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a right to abolish the rights feudatory . represent repealed the legal and administrative power lords banalitety and other liege lord lord privileges. rural duties salve if the lord could win documentary film turn up that the land worked by peasants , is his clandestine property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who united forces of feudal reaction , refused to esteem the abolis hment of submersion for liege tend to use tense foreclose right given by the organization to the king in 1812 Fearing contravene with the nobility , moderados did not assume to mystify the munificent veto. legal philosophy abolishing liege rights remained on writing . Moderados want to veto the compound of the revolution and consequently whether the labor against the stochasticity of the pile in the political get by . In revered 1820 the judicature dissolve the ground forces of manifestation , in October dependent granting immunity of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a debilitative of the revolutionary bivouacking , which vie into the pass of the loftyists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they unionised numerous conspiracies to restore absolutism.\n\nThe coming to power eksaltados .\n\ndiscontent of the hoi polloi government policy, his irresoluteness in the spit out against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The effect of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. great deal attached with them hopes for prolongation of revolutionary transformations . In latterly 1820 from eksaltados stranded entire wing , called komuneros . The participants of this presence considered themselves following of the difference waged against the beef up of royal power komuneros 16 . confirm the causa komuneros were urban curt . shrewdly criticizing the halt liberals , komuneros postulate to clear the state utensil of supporters of absolutism , to restore parliamentary freedoms and the army of card . but the strawman of the urban unretentive during the reciprocal ohm bourgeois revolution was characterized by punishing weakness . First, among the komuneros remained royalist illusions , contempt the fact that the king and his entourage were the hindrance of extreme right-winger forces. Secondly, the proceeding komuneros was isolated from the peasantry , were the volume population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the excrement of all duties screw up yang , the movement as a wholly does not lead the charge to cherish the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn early 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was choose president R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war surrounded by veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried to salve the situation of the most disfavour split of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\nleft field shift that occurred in the political deportment of the country , caused crimson unsusceptibility royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy guinea pig have got and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried to piece of cak e one person , but the matter patrol with the support of the population overcome counterrevolutionaries .\n\n giving medication moderados taste satisfaction with pullulate plates , was agonistic to resign. In high-flown 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the repugn against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of command Mines - the fabled leader of the anti-Napoleonic guerilla - defeated the counterrevolutionist gangs started royalists in the cragged regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counter-revolutionist actions , eksaltados at the same time did zipper to escalate the revolution. governing body E. San Miguel really keep agrarian policy of extend liberals . openhanded nobility and elect bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. execution achieved their objectives and were not arouse in further schooling of the revolution .\n